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Migration dates back to the dawn of civilisation and has experienced significant changes across time. Globally, migration and development are inextricably intertwined, with remittances serving as the foundation for wealth in the nations of origin. Migration patterns tend to vary as a result of global economic revolutions, internal economic reforms, and socio-political changes throughout the world. This chapter will also address the topic of student migration and how affluent nations are luring talented students by leveraging their home countries' financial advantages. This is the movement of students as high-skilled migration, where the host countries tactically offer incentives such as permanent or long-term residence/citizenship to attract these students. The chapter examines both short-and long-term advantages and costs of skilled migration, and while it covers topics that affect both sending and receiving nations, it focusses on the possible consequences of a big outflow of highly skilled migrants for the economies of the major sending areas. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Anna Triandafyllidou;individual chapters, the contributors.
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In this chapter we will focus on the potential applications of IgY in human medicine, summarizing some of in vivo and in vitro studies that support them. Respiratory infections caused by viruses and bacteria have a major impact in human health, and are associated with other major underlying conditions, such as cardiopulmonary disorders. Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 are good examples of how the effective airborne transmission via droplets and aerosols enables rapid viral spread, that ultimately lead to seasonal epidemic or pandemic outbreaks. These together with a number of emerging viral disease urges the development of vaccine alternatives where IgY immnunotherapies could be included. Moreover oral passive neutralization of bacteria causing dental caries or even chronic gastric inflamation leading to cancer has been sucessfully shown with IgY and will be presented herein. Finally, the robustness of IgY to neutralize lethal toxins and venoms will also be covered. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.
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Motivation: COVID-19 has disrupted the lives of millions of people worldwide. Migrants in developing economies have been among the most affected. This vulnerable population faces a threat to their livelihood and way of life. Hence, there is an urgent need to understand the impact of pandemic on their lives to be able to tackle subsequent waves of the pandemic or similar exogenous shocks in future. Purpose: We delve into the economic and social disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on employment, sources of income, and lives of different categories of migrant labourers in the Indian state of Kerala. Methods and approach: Using the livelihood portfolio theory, we dissect this impact in relation to a wide range of issues. This was corroborated by the in-depth semi-structured interviews with three categories of respondents. The interview data was analysed by using the directed qualitative content analysis method. We created themes from the data and juxtaposed them with the livelihood portfolio theory in addressing the research objectives. Findings: Results highlight the impact on livelihood, lifestyles, migration prospects and gender aspects. First, the households dependent on international migrants were more severely affected than those with family members who were internal migrants. Second, a considerable lifestyle change (more reliance on a plant-based diet) and borrowing patterns (more reliance on informal money lending) was reported. Third, opinions on future migration prospects were pessimistic, and a trend in favour of reverse migration was noted. We also captured the resilience measures for each of the themes. Policy implications: We find that blanket responses to mitigate migrants' hardships could be counterproductive. Policy-makers ought to implement tailor-made policies keeping in mind the migrants' classification and socio-economic demographics. Further, we recommend specific measures to address challenges that women face, to ease their workload and mitigate the loss of income. Specific measures aimed at initiating attitudinal change such as creating mental health awareness, curbing misinformation and providing counselling services could also add immense value in tackling the pandemic.
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Background: HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART), prevents HIV eradication or control. Mechanisms responsible for HIV persistence, including in tissues, are not well understood. Here we investigated persistence of HIV-infected cells in tissues for >200 days in an individual who had successful allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (Allo-HCT;donor CCR5 wild-type) but developed acute lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia after COVID vaccination and expired. Method(s): Clinical and autopsy records were reviewed. HIV in tissue samples and mononuclear cells (prepared by ficoll from lung and spleen) were studied by single genome sequencing (SGS, 1.1 kb gag) and single-copy PCR for HIV DNA. Result(s): Study participant was a 38 yo man with HIV/AIDS on ART with HIV RNA<50 c/ml for >3 years who had reducedintensity conditioning, HLA-mismatched unrelated donor allo-HCT for primary refractory ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma. His course was remarkably uncomplicated:100% engraftment of donor CD3 and myeloid subsets confirmed by day +42 post-HCT;100% donor cells (CD4, CD8, CD19, CD14, CD56) confirmed by day +100. Per protocol, he was off all immunosuppression on day +60, did not develop acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and maintained ART with HIV RNA<20 c/ml. Immune reconstitution was robust: NK, CD8, and B cells within normal range, CD4=172 cells/muL at d+100. He received SARS-CoV2 mRNAvaccine (Moderna) on days +107 and +144. On d+155, he developed dyspnea, hypoxia with acute lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, presumed vaccinerelated, with no signs of GVHD, pulmonary infection, or lymphoma. HIV-1 RNA remained <20 except 21 c/ml noted shortly before expiring on d+207. Postmortem notable only for diffuse alveolar damage with fibrosis and a small white pulpdepleted spleen. Single copy assay detected HIV DNA in brain (thalamus, frontal lobe, midbrain), lymph node, and jejunum (1.6-16 copies/106 tissue cells) but not liver, spleen, or affected lung (<0.2 copies/106 cells). SGS revealed HIV sequences were non-identical, demonstrating multiple distinct populations of infected cells were present. Conclusion(s): HIV populations are diverse in tissues even after extensive lymphodepleting chemotherapy and allo-HCT. Complete donor engraftment in tissues, including brain, may take significantly longer than engraftment measured in peripheral blood. Eradication strategies will require evaluation of tissue compartments. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
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The COVID-19 pandemic has forced Malaysian schools to change their learning model from face-to-face learning to online distance learning. This is what chemistry teachers and students cope with and achieve. However, online teaching and learning commonly did not make students pertain to the required 21st century skills. Having this in mind, a new approach with the STEAM integration in teaching chemistry project-based learning was suggested as one of the potential ways to develop 21st century students’ competencies. Hence, this study discusses the prospects and challenges of STEAM incorporation in online project-based learning aimed at the development of 21st century skills in chemistry classrooms. The paper outlined that, there is a prospect for the chemistry students to advance the ability and competencies of various skills such as hard and soft skills in the course of the online learning process. Skills are expected to be developed for the search for the real problem. It was however revealed that the students’ challenges faced relating to the steps had become a serious issue in this learning approach while establishing connections concerning subjects and general real-world implementation. Since it is impossible to predict when the pandemic will end, this is a challenge and an opportunity, and online chemistry learning can be considered from time to time. © 2022 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.
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India Migration Report 2022 is one of the first volumes to focus comprehensively on Indian health professionals migration. The essays in the volume discuss the reasons, challenges and opportunities that daunt and prompt health professionals to migrate within and outside India. This volume: Explores the history of migration of health professionals, especially nurses from India;Focuses in economic and social drivers of migration among health professionals;Examines shifting patterns in migration as well as emergence of new destinations for migrants;Studies the economic and social impact of COVID-19 among migrant health professionals;Highlights the influence of remittances on rural economies in India.Timely, data-driven and drawing on exhaustive fieldwork, the volume looks at Indian health professionals in North America, Middle East, Asia Pacific and South Asia. It will be of interest to scholars and researchers of development studies, public health, public policy, economics, demography, sociology and social anthropology, and migration and diaspora studies. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, S. Irudaya Rajan;individual chapters, the contributors.
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Centella asiatica encompass be utilize towards healing a set of affliction of humans. Legendary mechanism exemplify to its existence of plenteous genetic activities. In this explore revise be projected to make out the phytoderived antiviral moieties from Centella asiatica against Covid-19 Mpro protein as well as comprehend the Insilico study foundation of molecular activity and during in current examine five isolate molecules in Centella asiatica retrieve as of the PubMed database and be subjected towards docking investigation. Dock analysis were done by using Auto dock vina and PyRx software and followed by admet SAR in addition to pkCSM servers, were used for analyse the drug-likeness prediction. Among 5 Phyto-Molecules, 4 moieties of Centella asiatica are very probable aligned with the Mpro protein of Sars Co V 2. Further, the selected Phyto-molecules on the natural source strength launch consistent prescription and bear frontage discovery. Acknowledged beat molecules could be further in use for in vitro, in vivo evaluation and to investigate their efficiency opposed to COVID-19. Copyright ©2009-2021, JGPT. All Rights Reserved.
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In migration and mobility studies, the availability of scientifically reliable data remains a persistent challenge. The recent move towards harnessing mobile and big data has also been unable to resolve the data issues due to accessibility, privacy, as well as ethical and methodological intricacies involved with such data sets. In this paper, we explore a new set of data known as visitor location register (VLR) and roaming data, which is recorded and reported by mobile service providers. The reporting model of VLR data used and presented in this paper is not only free from privacy and ethical concerns but also methodologically sound and simple to compute as compared to any previous approaches. Drawing on VLR data, this paper finds direct evidence of unusually high interstate net reverse migration during the first and second COVID-19 lockdowns in India (44.13 and 26.3 million, respectively), and thereafter quick return migration back to cities during unlocks. The findings from this paper also provide insights into evolving migration directions, precarity, pockets of origin and destination and state policies in containing reverse migration during lockdowns in India. We anticipate that the data presented in the paper have the potential to fill a major data gap in migration and mobility studies in other countries too if VLR and roaming data are made available at the required spatial and temporal levels.
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The outbreak of deadly disease coronavirus has spread contagiously throughout the world and disrupted the life and livelihood of billions of people. To control the transmission of the virus, most of the countries have imposed travel restrictions and called for a nationwide lockdown. The most vulnerable section of the society that has been hit hard by the pandemic has been the migrant (internal and international) and their families. Many scholars have referred to the situation among the internal migrants as marginalized and rendering them being stateless, further exposed to a world of infections, insecurity and humiliations. Parallelly, the impact of COVID-19 on return emigrants remains unexplored. In lieu, our study using data from the return emigrant COVID-19 survey from Kerala aims to investigate the socio-economic consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on the return emigrants and their left-behind households (LBHs). © 2022 selection and editorial matter, S. Irudaya Rajan;individual chapters, the contributors.
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India Migration Report 2021 presents a detailed study on the health of migrants. It highlights major healthcare challenges faced by migrant labourers, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has forced authorities, policymakers and many other stakeholders to turn their attention to healthcare delivery unlike ever before. Bringing to the fore the health status of the migrant population both before the pandemic and during the pandemic, the essays in this volume discuss • the ease of access of migrant labourers to primary healthcare services;• the safety challenges faced by migrant workers at their workplaces, their exposure to various physical and psychological health vulnerabilities, and prevalence of potentially malignant health disorders and mental health issues among migrant labourers;• gendered access to healthcare, gender-based violence at workplaces and the gender-related perceptions on topics such as employment, decision-making and general attitude;• the role of decentralization and local self-government institutions in enabling health systems to address health problems of migrants, government policies and programs aimed at providing welfare for return emigrants from the Gulf;• the vulnerabilities migrant workers have encountered across the Indian states during the pandemic, with regards to food insecurity and psychological distress, and the type of support they received from various stakeholders. The volume will be of interest to scholars and researchers of development studies, economics, demography, sociology and social anthropology, and migration and diaspora studies. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, S. Irudaya Rajan;individual chapters, the contributors.
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Emigrants from Kerala, India, were among the international migrants affected by the displacing consequences of COVID-19 - job losses, decreasing wages, inadequate social protection systems, xenophobia and overall uncertainty - which led to large-scale return migration to India. Returning home due to exogenous shocks calls into question the voluntary nature of return, the ability of returnees to reintegrate and the sustainability of re-embedding in the home country. The role of return migrants in the development of their societies of origin is also unclear. In this commentary, we explore the circumstances of return migration since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing on a case study of Kerala and provide insights on the future of emigration from this corridor along with policy suggestions. The role of return migrants in the development of their societies of origin requires further research and policy interventions.
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The microbial quality of cutting boards used in the home kitchen indicates hygiene conditions and a potential source of public health risk. This study aimed to assess the hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices on cutting boards among food handlers at home during the Covid19 pandemic in Selangor. One hundred home food handlers participated in the online survey using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Overall, findings indicate sufficient hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices on cutting boards. These findings emphasize the need for educating home food handlers on food hygiene to improve their knowledge, behaviour and practices.
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Objective: To determine the efficacy of IVIG on nerve fiber density, pain and examination scores in a double blind placebo controlled pilot study of patients with SFN associated with TS-HDS and FGFR3. Background: Small fiber neuropathies (SFN) have many potential causes but >50% remain idiopathic. Two autoantibodies, TS-HDS and FGFR-3, are associated with ∼20% of idiopathic SFN cases with reports touting IVIG for treatment of presumed autoimmune SFN. Design/Methods: Twenty subjects with SFN confirmed by history, examination and skin biopsy with elevated autoantibodies to TS-HDS and/or FGFR3 received either IVIG (or blinded placebo) dosed at 2 grams/kg followed by 1 gram/kg every 3 weeks for a total of 6 treatments. All subjects had detailed small fiber examinations (UENS), questionnaires and skin biopsies taken from adjacent sites at the distal leg. Skin biopsies were stained for PGP9.5 and intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) reported. Final follow up occurred 3 weeks after the final treatment (24 weeks). Results: Twenty subjects were enrolled;18 completed treatment (9 IVIG, 9 placebo completers -2 did not have final data due to COVID-19). Over 24 weeks the change in pain scores (11 point VAS scale) was -0.88±0.99 in the placebo group, and -0.56±2.8 in the IVIG group (P=NS), the UENS neuropathy score improved by 3.8±8.8 in the placebo group and improved by 3.7±4.1 in the IVIG group (P=NS). Skin biopsy IENFD improved by 1.24±1.79 fibers/mm in the placebo group and improved by 0.81±1.67 fibers/mm in the IVIG treated group (P=NS). Conclusions: This small double blind placebo controlled trial showed no difference between IVIG and placebo in any measurable outcome and does not support the use of IVIG for SFN associated with autoantibodies to TS-HDS and/or FGFR3.
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The use of healthcare apps, e-health or m-health, has grown exponentially during the pandemic time. These apps can be used by people at home, work or on-the-go, which can help with a range of health, wellness and wellbeing tasks seamlessly, integrated with Electronic Health Records (EHRs) of hospital(s) to capture patient information. The data can be accessed by clinicians, patients and attenders anytime and anywhere. One of the major advantages of the healthcare apps has been the reduction of time taken to visit a doctor/clinic/hospital (especially considering the waiting times), medical bills and expenses. To a greater extent, there are many healthcare apps that have improved the accuracy of diagnosis and significantly improved quality of treatment. However, in this paper we have identified 10 challenges and 10 opportunities that can help researchers, developers, policymakers and other stakeholders introspect while building and releasing robust healthcare apps that are very much needed in the post-covid era. © 2022 IEEE.
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Immunisation is the procedure of providing a vaccine to a person in order to protect him or her against disease. This process has been widely recognized and adopted as one of the world's most successful and cost-effective health interventions. Vaccines have been saving millions of lives worldwide from deadly infectious diseases and viruses, such as hepatitis, measles and polio. However, the COVID outbreak in the late 2019 has witnessed huge devastation on the global health front. For now, vaccine is the only cost-effective health intervention to control the spread of virus and completely eradicating it. Technological breakthroughs are making a significant contribution to the improvement of healthcare. Blockchain technology is one example of such a disruptive technology. Blockchains have the potential to improve the healthcare system in a variety of ways. In this paper, we have thoroughly discussed how we can create vaccine awareness across the globe by focusing on parents, healthcare workers, frontline workers, policymakers, media, and ultimately how everyone must work together to ensure that every individual in every country gets the vaccine. We also discussed how blockchain technology may be applied to many sectors of healthcare and the benefits it can provide in terms of enhancing global network healthcare systems. © 2022 IEEE.
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Virtual Innovation & Research Acceleration Lab (VIRAL) is an ongoing teaching pedagogy project between SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Ramapuram Campus, Chennai and MIT Square, London. In the higher education sector, the year 2020 posed new obstacles. All three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a shift in the mentality of educators, teachers, and students from all over the world. The concerns and obstacles associated with higher educational institutions' rapid and abrupt transition from face-to-face learning to technology-assisted virtual learning. This study examines the effectiveness of Virtual Innovation & Research Acceleration Labs (VIRAL) teaching in developing Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among engineering students. The researchers employed a Quasi-Experimental method. The sample consisted of 98 Engineering students who have regular laboratory classes as part of their curriculum. A group consisting of 49 students was selected as a control group and another group was selected as an experimental group randomly. The result of the study indicates that the experimental group has a greater mean of higher-order thinking skills than the control group. Thus it is concluded that the virtual lab teaching method for research and innovation has a significant positive effect in enhancing higher thinking skills in engineering. The study also has implications for facilitation in the higher order of inquiry processes and improvement of slow learners.
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The outbreak of the Pandemic in last few months, rapid increase in the transmission of the virus and also the new emerging various strains of COVID-19 corona virus has led to complete Iockdown in the entire world. Meanwhile Iockdown imposed on various countries for longer duration has affected almost every sector of the society causing loss leading to hunger and poverty in the world. By considering all the situations and difficulties underwent by the human society a clear scenario where country not only needs Iockdown as it cannot be the effective solution in slowing down the rate of disease affecting people, So Society is Constantly looking for the alternatives that could help every sector in their business without loss is the topic of the hour. An alternative which could satisfy the above conditions is by Social Distancing and Wearing the Face mask. There by proposing our Real Time System which will detect whether required distance is maintained between two people and detect whether the face mask is worn or not by people with the aid of Web Camera using the most trending technologies Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning Algorithms, Deep Learning, CNN and few more. © 2021 IEEE.
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This chapter looks at the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on internal migrants in India. According to the 2011 Census, there are over 450 million internal migrants, of which a massive 54 million are inter-state migrants. A large number of these migrants consist of labourers who comprise a huge percentage of the informal sector workforce, both in the rural and urban areas of India, and are vital to the country’s economy. These workers are also some of the most vulnerable, with inadequacies in terms of working conditions and coverage of social safety nets, and are also largely absent from India’s policy discourses. This chapter highlights the size and extent of internal migration as well as its distribution across different states in India. It shows how the current crisis and lockdowns have affected their lives and livelihoods. It particularly looks at the responses of central and various state governments – at destinations and origins – to ensure migrants’ wellbeing. It also analyses the socioeconomic impact of the migrant exodus from major destinations and looks at solutions to enable and ensure that migration patterns in the future are sustainable, and more importantly, ensure migrants’ rights and dignity. © 2022, The Author(s).